Opportunities for and Impediments to Pollinator Conservation in Urban Settings: A Review

Abstract Urban plants and the design maintenance of urban landscapes play a critical role in pollinator conservation preservation essential ecosystem services. Effective decisions planning require careful assessment consequences land use change, effects local landscape scale factors on bees, butterflies, flies, other pollinators. Understanding not under-estimating needs various functional guilds to inform strategies are success. Research indicates that diverse assemblages can be enhanced conserved areas through efforts. Education communication key elements needed engage policy makers move forward at accelerated pace required address current (rapid urbanization) impending (climate change invasive species) challenges. Conservation protection pollinators services they provide we from reactive proactive activities tie together regional Citizen science initiatives effective ways communicate information, garner public support, acquire valuable data concerning cost-effective manner. Improving our knowledge bee life history, phenology, nesting sites is essential. lifecycles lesser-known like flies (Diptera) wasps (Hymenoptera) vital while there need expand available taxonomic expertise. In this review, discuss case studies integrating pest management plant selection, recreational area design, community engagement with goal conservation. Decision-making resources included.